What Are The Causes Of Intelligence Failures - 2082 Words

What are the Causes of Intelligence Failures? Intelligence failures can be attributed to when cognitive biases and fixed mindsets enter the intelligence cycle and objectivity is lost. Cognitive biases and fixed mindsets can be found in the intelligence reports surrounding the failure to predict 9/11 and the alleged evidence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq. After a partisan commission and internal reports were turned into Congress, multiple intelligence missteps were discovered across the board. Ranging from intercommunication failures, the mismanagement of and uncorroborated information, and biased intelligence. One of the under ridding assessments called into question was the psychological influence of gathered information†¦show more content†¦These mental perceptions form and create â€Å"the most commonly identified villain† among analysts and the decision makers and their reasoning paradigm: the mindset. Mindsets, in psychological terms, are defined as a person’s mental â€Å"lens† on how they understand the world around them. These mental lenses form what political psychologists call motivated and unmotivated biases. Motivated biases are driven by people’s fears, guilt, desires, needs, and interests. Unmotivated biases refer to the influence of a person’s belief systems and the using simple strategies that they use to make sense of the complex world they live in. The creation of these mindsets is quick to form as people tend to perceive what they want to, which in return helps create expectations or beliefs on how people will most likely react in the future. In the intelligence field, mindsets guide the analysts to pay attention to certain kinds of information and then to organize and interpret the information. This explains how two analysts can look at the same information and come up with different explanations. In short, a mindset of an intelligence a nalyst can be defined by the amount of expertise and knowledge of past events they have in creating sound judgments, of key players that the intelligence is concerned, and their decision-making paradigm. Fixed mindsets and cognitive biases can be found at each level of theShow MoreRelatedWeaknesses Of The Intelligence Cycle935 Words   |  4 PagesThus, intelligence cycle process as an integral part of the Intelligence System has intrinsic weaknesses within the â€Å"process† itself due to the interplay of different pathologies within the system. It may emanate in every phase of the process from Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing, Analysis and Production, and Dissemination. Julian Richards in his book â€Å"The art and science of intelligence analysis† discussed the problems associated with intelligence cycle. The sources of failures in theRead MoreCausality and Timeliness Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesfast-paced intelligence environments and being even a few minutes late in a mission situation could cost valuable intelligence or even lives. Even routine reports must be sent out on a strict timeframe, and failure to meet that standard could cause it to los e value, or cause a setback in a mission elsewhere. Being military intelligence soldiers, we are also required to attend training; whether it be language, technical, or unit trainings. Failing to report to classes on time could not only cause a soldierRead MoreLiteral Intelligence Collection1389 Words   |  6 PagesLiteral Intelligence Collection: National Intelligence and the NSA wireless intercept program Intelligence Collection: Sources and Challenges February 13, 2012 In the aftermath of 9/11 the intelligence community (IC) felt pressure from all directions. Employees of the IC, Congress, and the general public wanted questions answered as to why our nation didn’t know an attack was imminent. This â€Å"failure† of intelligence caused a shake up within the entire IC, leading to many future changes.Read MoreImplementation Of Business Intelligence On Health Care Organization Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation of Business Intelligence on Health Care Organization Mounika Punreddy MS 611 – Project California University of Management and Sciences â€Æ' Abstract The proposed project would investigate critical issues been faced by the healthcare organizations in implementing the business intelligence solutions within the system. In spite of a number of research studies carried out on implementation framework for business intelligence tools, there is negligible literature available specific to theRead MoreTexas Law Case Study1610 Words   |  7 Pages1. Pursuant to Texas Law under what circumstances will both ArchiteXX’s educators and medical personal be required to report incidents of suspected abuse? 2. Under Texas Law, would ArchiteXX’s employee’s failure to report create criminal liability for ArchiteXX’s? 3. Under Texas Law, would ArchiteXX’s employees be immune to prosecution in incidents of reports made in good faith? Facts ArchiteXX’s is a New York based organization that is hoping to build a â€Å"sex bus† that will provide medical and educationalRead MoreThe Term Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1630 Words   |  7 Pagesterm emotional intelligence (EI) is used to describe a person’s ability to perceive emotion in others, express and control their own emotions, as well as controlling emotion in others (McShane Von Glinow 2013, p.105). What is intelligence? Intelligence is a combination of knowledge and aptitude and shows the breadth and rate of learning (Mayer, Roberts, Barsade 2008, p.511). †¢ Knowledge is what a person has actually learned. †¢ Aptitude is their capacity to reason and learn. What constitutes emotionalRead MoreA Short Note On Stop Counter Propaganda Of The Middle East1694 Words   |  7 PagesOur Failure to Stop Counter Propaganda of the Middle East SGT Robert Jaramillo SFC Fleshman SFC Havrish ` The Root of Our Failure In 2003, when the United States of America invaded Iraq, they failed to understand the nation, its populace, and the methods in which anti-American propaganda would be delivered. Because of this short coming we encountered and to this day encounter several difficulties not only in Iraq but in the world abroad. One of the largest problems facing today’s war on terrorismRead MoreEssay about The Importance of E-business1067 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies can sell their products right off of the Web. There are millions of electronic businesses on the Web; some companies have been a huge success and some have been a huge failure. In order for an e-business to survive a company must understand the market in E-Business, the importance of E-Intelligence, understand the failure of other businesses, and develop an E-Readiness plan. Electronic commerce enables companies of all sizes and all market sectors to compete on the same stage. The Web slashesRead MoreA Research On Artificial Intelligence1338 Words   |  6 Pagesand act in a human-like way. Artificial Intelligence has many uses across many fields, especially in the field of Medicine. Early on in the field, many scientists and doctors believed that robots controlled by sophisticated AI would be able to surpass clinicians. â€Å"With such motivations, a small but talented community of computer scientists and healthcare professionals set about shaping a research program for a new discipline called Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM). These researchers hadRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : An Integral Part Of Career Success832 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence is an integral part of career success. Our lives are the permanent competition, where leadership and success are the main goals of the majority. What is it that makes people successful? This question haunts many of us. Some people believe it is a high level of emotional intelligence (EI). In order to accept this point of view, we have to understand what EI is, how people develop it, and how EI benefits our career success. First of all, we have to determine the meaning of

Jackfruit- Background, History, and Origin of a Unique Fruit

Jackfruit Jackfruit, Artocarpus Heterophyllus, is said to originate from the Western Ghats although no one is definite on this. It grows in rain forests and along low-elevations through out India, Burma, Ceylon, Southern China, Malaya, some small parts of Australia and the East Indies. It was introduced into Florida in approximately 1887 but few trees now remain. The jackfruit comes from a very large and bushy tree, which is also used for shade, and can range from 30-70 tall with glossy, green, leathery leaves. The fruit is the largest tree borne fruit and can range from 8 inches to 3 feet in length and 6-20 inches wide. These fruits can weigh anywhere from 10-60 and have been reported up to almost 200 pounds. The fruit is yellowish†¦show more content†¦Double-Baked Jackfruit Dunking Biscuits 250ml whole, unblanched almonds 2 eggs 160ml sugar 500ml unsifted flour 5ml sodium bicarbonate 6 pieces of finely minced jackfruit arils Roast nuts at 180 ºC for 10 minutes and leave to cool. Beat eggs and sugar, add all other ingredients, except the almonds . Mix the rather dry dough by hand; if dry material cannot be worked in, add another egg. Add almonds. Knead to distribute these well. Divide dough into three equal parts. Elongate and flatten to produce strips of 50 x 300mm. Place on a baking paper covered biscuit tray with 50mm gaps separating the strips. Bake at 150 ºC for 50 minutes. Transfer loaves to a cutting board and cut diagonally into 12mm slices. Lay slices on their sides, on the used baking paper and bake for another 40 minutes at 150 ºC. Finely cut dried fruit could be used in lieu of the jackfruit, but another egg may be required. This is a very crunchy biscuit, suited to revive the custom of dunking a biscuit in tea or coffee -or into a good port wine in an emergency! adapted from an Italian

Henrik Ibsen Discussion Essay Example For Students

Henrik Ibsen Discussion Essay In the plays Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, and Wild ducks by Henrik Ibsen there are many similar themes, which become evident to the reader. A theme, which is consistant though out these plays, is the opposing values of the Ideal and the Real. The views of the idealist versus the realists make for many duels between the two personalities. The theme of idealism versus realism is also dealt with in the play The Wild Duck. Gregers Werle has avoided his father, whom he detests, by spending fifteen years in the family mining concern. Gregers is so unattractive in appearance that he has given up all hope of marrying and having a family. Instead he has become an idealist and goes about advocating and preaching a theme of truth and purity. He calls his mission the claim of the ideal. His father, Old Werle, has allegedly driven his sick wife to her death by carrying on love affairs in his own home. Once he had his serving girl, Gina, as his mistress. Arranging her marriage with Hialmar Ekdal, the son of his former partner, Werle also sets the couple up in the profession of photography. Hialmar is pleased with his marriage and believes that Ginas child is his own daughter. Lieutenant Ekdal, Werles former partner, is now a broken old man. He does odd jobs for Werle. He is now living with Hialmar and Gina. Gregers Werle comes to Hialmar and explains the claim of the ideal and tries to make Hialmar see that his marriage is based on a lie. But rather than making Hialmar happy by understanding the true nature of his marriage, Gregers only succeeds in turning Halmar against his daughter, Hedvig. The daughter, in order to prove her love for her father who is rejecting her, takes a pistol and kills herself. The Wild Duck is a play in which reality versus idealism becomes a structural feature. Each scene illustrates this dualism. First Gregers confronts his father, a realist, and accuses him of a life built on lies and deception. The conflict between Gregers and his father reveals a lot about the two. It shows that Gregers is obsessed with the truth and in changing the wrongs of the past. This is shown when he attacks his fathers ability to allow Ekdal to be found solely guilty for crimes in which both men were involved. He also attacks his father for his ulterior motives in having Hialmar and Gina married, for the death of his wife, and for his intended marriage to Mrs. Sorby. On the other hand, Old Werle defends himself by pointing out the good things that he has done for the family and he constantly keeps his ideas about his life realistic. In the following scene, Gregers confronts Hialmar and begins to rescue his friend from a life of self-indelusion. Here is where Ibsen introduces t he wild duck to the play. In the first place the wild duck represents the world of fantasy through which Hialmar and his father compensate for the drabness and mediocrity of their lives. The wild duck is the final touch, which brings their hunting ground in the garret to a state of perfection. Gregers, however, has a different interpretation of the wild duck myth. He believes that the bird symbolizes the entire Ekdal family who will drown in the ooze of fantasy and self-delusion. He feels that it is his mission to rescue the Ekdals from these dangerous depths, just as his fathers dog retrieved the duck from the suffocating seaweed. In the play, Act III represents the antagonism between the realist Relling and young Werle, while Act IV exposes the paradox between Gregers principles and the impossibility of realizing them. Dr. Relling, the realist, first explains his friend Molviks drunkenness as part of him being a demoniac. He also talks down on Gregers idealism and wonders if he is still as idealistic as he once was. When Gregers and Relling confront each other you see there conflicting views on the Hialmar household. Relling comments on the happy family, but gregers calls it a poisonous atmosphere. Both men feel responsible for the lives of others, but Rellings mission is contrary to that of Gregers. Ibsen shows that the realist is the one who encourages self-deception as a technique of facing lifes disappointments while the idealist encourages truthfulness as a way to self-fulfillment. The final act begins with a discussion between Relling and Gregers. Rellings happens to be the dominant force in this one. He explains his methods, telling the reader that all the world is sick, and the usual treatment is trying to keep up the make-believe of life in him. This gives the reader an insight to Rellings realistic character in that he believes that most people need some sort of self-delusion in order to be happy. In the final scene, the duality becomes rationalize d with Hedvigs suicide indicating the failure of applying pure principles to inappropriate situations. Despite the sadness of the event Gregers believes that it has cured Hialmar, for he announces how much he loved her and seemed to see the truth. Relling, however, argues that this will pass in a few months, and a delusion will be created for Hialmar once again. The play ends with Gregers deciding to go off and continue the rest of his life as the thirteenth table. At the conclusion of this play it is unclear which side Ibsen wishes the reader to take. Gregers possesses righteous ideals of the truth, while Relling encourages a fantasy world. Under Rellings guidance Hialmar is happy but he quickly falls into a depression when Gregers shows him the truth about his life. Yet after Hedvigs sacrifice both men offer arguments, which further illustrate their views. An Enemy of the People is a play about a doctor who discovered that the town he lives in, has become a cesspool. After discove ring the towns beloved bath, which is supposedly helps people get better and is the main reason the town has visitors from across the county come visit it, has become polluted with bacteria that is caused from the water pipes underground. This resulted in visitors going away from the town with Typhoid and other sicknesses. Dr. Stockmann, which is the discoverer of the pollution, tries to tell the townspeople that they need to fix the water pipes and bath. He faced a large amount of resistance from his brother the mayor, Hovstad the newspaper editor, and many of the townspeople. This resulted in Dr. Stockmann lashing out at the whole town for its ignorance. He complains that the town is built on lies. This causes Dr. Stockmann to become an enemy of the people and to be out cast from the town that he loves. To present the problem in this play Ibsen creates an idealist in the person of Dr.Stockman and has him opposed by his own brother who is the man of extreme practicality. In other w ords, Dr. Stockmann represents private and public morality while his brother, the Burgomaster, represents the practical aspect of life. Life Threatening Interaction Between Protease Inhibitors And The Illic EssayThe first Act of the play Ghosts had many functions. It introduces the characters, illustrates the central problem of the play, and gives the reader the essential story line. Through this Ibsen carefully forewarns his audience of the themes he will develop in later acts. The protagonist, Mrs. Alving is shown to have somewhat of a dual personality. Although she reads controversial literature she continues to conform to the wishes of the church and community. She also speaks about her husband and his reckless life and how she hid the truth from her son, Oswald. Despite her husbands acts she wishes to hide these truths by creating an orphanage in his name. Manders, is one of the characters who can be considered somewhat of a idealist. His ideals are not so righteous as those of Dr. Stockmann or Gregers Werle, however. Unlike the previous two plays this play has the most concrete message in that it definitely shows that Manders idealism is wrong and can no truly be realized. Manders idealism results in the destruction of the four major characters in this play.

Patient Tracer free essay sample

To provide an accurate assessment of the systems and processes for the delivery of care, treatment, and services at the Nightingale Community Hospital, weekly patient chart reviews of patient medical cases is performed using The Joint Commission tracer methodology for a thorough review of current services and possible deficiencies. Recently, the medical record for patient 453355 was reviewed in order to trace their care through departments and services at the hospital. This patient was recently admitted to the hospital with a post-op wound infection and the recent surgical stay records were chosen by the Risk Management Department to be assessed and evaluated using the tracer methodology to audit Nightingale Community Hospital’s compliance with selected Joint Commission standards. During the tracer for patient 453355, a Surgical Patient Tracer Worksheet was used to review the actions taken during the patient care process from arrival to leaving. Upon review of the Surgical Patient Tracer Worksheet, a deficiency was identified with the read back process when a critical value is called to a caregiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Tracer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the tracer review, the staff member who was interviewed did not describe the read back process for receipt of critical values or describe how it was documented in the MD notification screen. As part of the Joint Commission Provision of Care requirements, when receiving calls with critical values or test results, staff must record the read back process to verify the information prior to taking action on a verbal order or verbal report of a critical test result (The Joint Commission, 2013). Patient Tracer Summary To assure compliance not only within the surgical department but hospital wide, a hospital task force was created with representatives from the Laboratory, Imaging, Cardiopulmonary and Nursing- all departments involved with giving and receiving critical values. Department directors along with immediate caregivers to patients were involved in order to provide a thorough roadmap of the process and evaluate the current procedure. When the task force met, we traced the effectiveness of the communication process by asking staff questions, reviewing past Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal 2 safety reports and audited additional patient charts for critical value documentation to identify any deficiencies in the process. It was discovered that there was a breakdown in the process at the point of documentation. The read back process is being completed but it is difficult for the RN to consistently document when receiving a report if they do not have immediate access to a computer to document the actions taken in the electronic medical record (EMR). The current hospital policy on Reporting Critical Test Values was also reviewed by the task force and updated with the following: clear definitions of key terms, outlines provider responsibilities, fail-safe communication of abnormal test values to include read back verification, defined verbal and/or electronic reporting procedures, specify critical tests and acceptable length of time between ordering and reporting to caregivers and patient in order to 3 reflect best practices of the best communication mechanisms from The Joint Commission and the College of American Pathologists. To improve consistency and accuracy in the documentation process, fluorescent pink stickers were recommended by the nursing staff and have been introduced in to the daily workflow to assist with writing down information being reported and assist in the documentation sequence if a computer is not easily accessible for immediate documentation when receiving a Patient Tracer Summary critical value. These stickers contain all the required elements needing to be documented and 4 will be used if a computer is not readily available to document information. The sticker will then be placed on the patients chart or the information will be transferred to the electronic medical record for documentation. The stickers will capture the critical value being called, time and date called, and by whom the information was called to and received from, along with the date and time, and that the information was read back for accuracy. To document the read back process, there will be a box to check to verify that the read back process was completed at each point of the communication process for communicating critical values. It will also contain the same information for documentation of calling the critical value information to the patients primary care practitioners. The task force team was able to identify the issue, improve the process and choose a reasonable timeline to roll out the improved communication process. It has been communicated to all hospital leaders that the updated communication of critical values will be rolled out in four weeks with all clinical areas of the hospital responsible for educating their department staff through in-services and staff meetings prior to the roll out. To ensure compliance with the revised process and the read back process, the method of collecting data will be a random review of 10 critical value reports in the EMR each month in each clinical area with the scores of each area being provided to the performance improvement department for review and feedback. To ensure the best patient safety, the compliance goal will be 100% of all critical value reports having proper documentation. At Nightingale Community Hospital, our goal is to keep patients safe and provide excellent care to all patients. Through this collaborative effort, we have improved a process to help us achieve this goal.

the warlords essays

the warlords essays In his book, The Warlords, AJP Taylor defines a warlord as "...a man of great, of unique, power dominating both the military and civil affairs of his country; a dictator whose power was unlimited and who made all vital decisions" (Taylor 16). Taylor is trying to portray Joseph Stalin, Denito Mussolini, Adolf Hilter, Winston Churchill, and President Roosevelt as warlords by his definition. He uses many examples of events during World War II that show how these men are dictators and can dominate military powers. I believe that the author is fairly successful in showing that these men are warlords; however, there are several instances where Taylor seems to contradict himself. First, his definition says a warlord must be a man of great power and control his military. In the case of Mussolini, Taylor tells how he was noted as being a "lazy man" and how he lied about the actual size of his army. Taylor also talks about how Mussolini only consisted of impression and how without Hitler he would have never become anything after his resignation of commander- in- chief. Also, Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt were not dictators of their countries and therefore only fit half of the author's definition. Taylor does a good job in general of proving that these five men are warlords, however he leaves a few loopholes for others to argue his theories. No one disputes that these men are leaders in their own way, but they do not all fit the authors exact definition of a warlord. This book was well written and well organized. By reading this book you not only learn about the lives and politics of these five men, but you also learn a lot about many different events in World War II. I feel like I came away from this book knowing much more than I did when I began reading it. It was easy to read and, as I already stated, very inte ...

Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis The WritePass Journal

Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis Abstract Application of 2-D gas chromatography for environmental analysis Abstract IntroductionPrinciple for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC)Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental AnalysisAnalysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFsPesticide AnalysisAir AnalysisConclusionsReferencesRelated Abstract The conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) compared to a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) which provides the highest capacity, improved resolution and many of sensitivity. Additionally, it was create two-dimensional structure chromatogram, which is the proof of assistance in the composite class. Samples can often be minimized or even eliminated in some cases for the practice, as technology provides excellent separation power. All these benefits make GCÃâ€"GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GCÃâ€"GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earths surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the worlds ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment.   By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is ​​more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GCÃâ€"GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GCÃâ€"GC separation with the increased power res ulting in a successful demonstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GCÃâ€"GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GCÃâ€"GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GCÃâ€"GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GCÃâ€"GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For e xample, GCÃâ€"GC detector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Fig. 2 A block diagram of a GCÃâ€"GC system. Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GCÃâ€"GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GCÃâ€"GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GCÃâ€"GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GCÃâ€"GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GCÃâ€"GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential for water   pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earths freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GCÃâ€"GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GCÃâ€"GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GCÃâ€"GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GCÃâ€"GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GCÃâ€"GC for to the environment pollutants analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistances extraction to the complex samples high resolution analysis provides to GCÃâ€"GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GCÃâ€"GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GCÃâ€"GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition samples trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrixs PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GCÃâ€"GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GCÃâ€"GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) GCÃâ€"GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GCÃâ€"GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GCÃâ€"GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GCÃâ€"GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrixs PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GCÃâ€"GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually draws back, the centrifuge process to enter GCÃâ€"GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver samples analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GCÃâ€"GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GCÃâ€"GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GCÃâ€"GC, GCÃâ€"GC the performance is unified (GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GCÃâ€"GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compounds proof is possible. Fig. 4 GCÃâ€"GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GCÃâ€"GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp persons blood serum extractions 15 pesticides foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GCÃâ€"GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutants proof and the quantification [35]. But GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs. GCÃâ€"GC the application earl y showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GCÃâ€"GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GCÃâ€"GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GCÃâ€"GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pol lutant many other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular materials exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GCÃâ€"GC-FID and GCÃâ€"GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GCÃâ€"GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identifications compound and 100,000. GCÃâ€"GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GCÃâ€"GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GCÃâ€"GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensates basic scores MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GCÃâ€"GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GCÃâ€"GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. 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Discrimination In Schools - And How It Affects Students Way of Life Essay

Discrimination In Schools - And How It Affects Students Way of Life - Essay Example This essay stresses that the affects of discrimination for the gay student during teenage years is nothing short of harrowing. These students confront harassment and abuse from their peers that is specifically directed at them because of their perceived or genuine sexual orientation. In many instances, issues regarding gay discrimination are not properly addressed by school administrators. In fact, there have been documented cases in which educators themselves have been involved in hostile discriminatory actions towards gay students. As a result, gay students are at a â€Å"considerable and disproportionate risk for mental health problems, self-endangerment and self-injury as well as for poor school performance, absenteeism, and dropping out of school†. This paper makes a conclusion that discriminatory behavior generates an adverse as well as humiliating impact on students, affecting their lives in and out of the classroom. This impact is strong and lasts a lifetime. The facts this paper discusses are, in themselves, a revolting admission of how far we have not come 40 years after tolerance was made a federal law. But what makes the situation even more distasteful is that the very system entrusted with educating and protecting students have abandoned the ideals that decry discrimination and thus the vast majority of children who fit into one or more of these categories, which equals the vast majority of children overall.